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HOW DO I KNOW MY TRUCK WILL BE OK TO TOW MY BOAT?
I am still taken back by a trip to the local boat ramp. The things I see are frightful. It is bad enough that the trailers are incorrectly set up for the loads being placed on them, deep launches with the tow vehicle half way into the water, the absolute lack of proper safety tie downs. One of the scariest things of all are some of the tow vehicles that are being used to move these boats through our streets. You can move a trailer loaded with a boat with a ride lawn tractor but that doesn't make it at all safe! Its not the getting going that is the issue its the stopping and safe control of the trailer and the tow vehicle. There must be ten thousand video segments on boat launch and retrieval, are they all that bad(well maybe), boat launching is an experience skill no doubt. For gods sake if your going to own and operate a trailer boat which includes all those jet ski boaters who by the way are just as bad at the ramp then learn something about your tow vehicle and trailer and spend some time here. The wrong set up is not only dangerous for the owner of the tow vehicle, but is more dangerous for the rest of the traffic and pedestrians on the road. Have you ever dipped the back brakes of your truck in the salt water drove to the first traffic light and locked up the rear tires of your tow vehicle, it is unnerving.
The following information is to help you understand how to be sure the vehicle you are towing with is up for the job!
DISCLAIMER
This guide is for general reference; other states, province’s or municipalities regulations may differ.
This guide applies solely to the non-commercial operation of trailers. Trailer
combinations operated for commercial purposes are governed by different regulations
and standards.
HOW TO DETERMINE GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT RATINGS FOR RECREATIONAL
VEHICLES
If hauling a camper unit, towing a loaded boat trailer or fifth wheel, the following steps will help you in determining what your vehicle is capable of towing or hauling. This guide is intended to assist you. Should conflict arise please refer to the Traffic Safety Act and its regulations for your specific region.
Terms and Definitions
“Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR)”; the GAWR refers to the maximum weight an axle
is designed to carry. The GAWR is a safety standard used to prevent overloading.
Manufacturers set the Gross Axle Weight Rating based on requirements set by
Transport Canada.(Or the governing body in your region)
“Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR)”; the GVWR refers to the maximum weight a
vehicle is designed to carry including the net weight of the vehicle with accessories, plus
the weight of passengers, fuels, and cargo. The GVWR is a safety standard used to
prevent overloading. Manufacturers set the GVWR based on requirements set by
Transport Canada. The weight on an axle can vary depending on where items are
stored.
“Gross Combination Weight Rating (GCWR)”; the GCWR, sometimes expressed as the
maximum trailer towing capacity, may change with different engine, transmission, and
differential combinations, and is normally found in the owner's manual. The GCWR is
the maximum weight of the truck and trailer combined. The maximum trailer towing
capacity is the maximum weight of a trailer which may be towed when your truck is
empty (no payload), any load carried in the truck will reduce its maximum trailer towing
capacity.
“Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW)” is the number of kilograms derived by adding the weights
on all the axles of your loaded vehicle.
“Net Weight” is the weight of a vehicle that is empty except for the maximum capacity of
fuel, oil, and coolant necessary for its operation. (ALSO referred to as “CURB Weight”)
(MVAR)
Conversion
To convert: Multiply kilogram by 2.2
Divide pounds by 2.2
Net (CURB) Weight of the Vehicle Used to Tow or Haul
• Weigh the front axle and rear axle of the vehicle
• Add front and rear axle weight to achieve Net Vehicle Weight
o For example:
Front axle weight equals – 1200 kg
Rear axle weight equals – 1400 kg
Total Net Vehicle Weight equals – 2600 kg
Manufactured Gross Vehicle Weight Rating
• Refer to the manufacturer’s Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (located on drivers side
door)
• Refer to Diagram:
• In this case the GVWR is 5171 kg, the front GAWR is 2722 kg and the rear
GAWR is 3175
• Note:
o The front and rear GAWR’s added together will always be greater than
the GVWR
YOU SHOULD NEVER EXCEED THESE THREE RATINGS
Vehicle Payload
• once the Net Weight and GVWR has been determined, subtract the Net Vehicle
Weight from the GVWR
o For example:
GVWR equals – 5171 kg
Net Weight equals – 2600 kg
Vehicle Payload equals 2571 kg
Trailer Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR)
• The previous steps also apply to recreational trailers when determining its
carrying capacity
• Locate the manufacturer’s GVWR label (located near the front of the trailer,
accompanied by the VIN number)
• Subtract the net trailer weight from the GVWR; this will give you the actual
carrying capacity of the recreational trailer
NEVER EXCEED THIS WEIGHT CAPACITY
EXAMPLES
Truck and Camper Unit
Manufacturer’s Ratings
• GVWR = 2800 kg
• Front GAWR = 1600 kg
• Rear GAWR = 1400 kg
Vehicle Net Weight (without camper unit)
• Net Weight = 1900 kg
• Front Axle = 1200 kg
• Rear Axle = 700 kg
Gross Vehicle Weight (loaded)
• GVW = 3900 kg
• Front Axle Weight = 1450 kg
• Rear Axle Weight = 2450 kg
Vehicle Payload
• GVWR 2800 kg – Net Weight 1900 kg = Payload 900 kg
THIS UNIT HAS EXCEEDED THE GVWR BY 1100 kg AND THE REAR GAWR BY
1050 kg
Truck Towing Recreational Trailer
Manufacturer’s Ratings
• GVWR = 3800 kg
• Front GAWR = 1600 kg
• Rear GAWR = 2400 kg
Vehicle Net Weight (without trailer)
• Net Weight = 2100 kg
• Front Axle = 1200 kg
• Rear Axle = 900
Gross Vehicle Weight of Truck (loaded)
• GVW = 3300 kg
• Front Axle Weight = 1200 kg
• Rear Axle Weight = 2100 kg
Vehicle Payload
• GVWR 3800kg – Net Weight 2100 kg = Payload 1700 kg
THIS UNIT HAS NOT EXCEEDED THE MANUFACTURER’S GVWR OR THE GAWR
*CALCULATE YOUR VEHICLES PAYLOAD
Manufacturer’s Rating (Door Post)
• GVWR =
• Front GAWR =
• Rear GAWR =
Vehicle Net Weight (Empty)
• Net Weight
• Front Axle
• Rear Axle
Gross Vehicle Weight (loaded)
• GVW
• Front Axle Weight
• Rear Axle Weight
Vehicle Payload
• GVWR – Net Weight = Payload
*To convert:
• Multiply kg by 2.2
• Divide lbs by 2.2
KEY FACTORS TO REMEMBER
• You should not exceed manufacturer’s GVWR
• You should not exceed manufacturer’s GAWR
• Adding components such as air bags or overload springs does not allow these
rating to be increased or exceeded
• When coupled to a trailer unit or fifth wheel remember each unit will transition
weight to the towing unit (hitch weight). Take this into consideration when
determining the GVWR and GAWR.
• Make sure fifth wheel mounts and ball receiver hitches are rated accordingly and
do not to exceed the manufacturers ratings
• Ensure tire pressure is maintained according to manufacturers specifications
• You should not exceed the GCWR. Check your owner’s manual for the GCWR
(towing capabilities). If you tow a load that is too heavy for your vehicle, you
create a potential safety risk for yourself and others on the road. You may also
void warranties.
Tires
• The original manufacturer of your vehicle and trailer will designate acceptable tire
sizes and type; any replacement tires should meet these requirements. A couple
requirements that apply to tires to be aware of:
o On-highway vehicles must use tires that are designed for on-highway use
o Tires have a rated carrying capacity, the sum of the total rated capacity for
the tires on an axle must be greater than the GAWR
o All tires that share an axle be the
same
BRAKING REQUIREMENTS FOR TRAILERS
When are Brakes Required on Trailers
• If the trailer has a gross laden weight more than 910 kg
• If the trailer weighs 50 per cent or more of the towing vehicle
Types of Brakes Required
• The service brakes on a motor vehicle or on a combination of vehicles are
adequate if they can bring the motor vehicle or combination to a stop
o if the motor vehicle or combination is moving at 30 kilometres per hour and
loaded to capacity when the brakes are applied,
o on a level surface free from loose materials and consisting of dry paving of
asphalt or concrete, and
o within 10 metres from the point at which the brakes are applied
• The emergency or parking brake on a motor vehicle or on a combination of
vehicles is adequate if it can bring the motor vehicle or combination to a stop
o if the motor vehicle or combination is moving at 30 kilometres per hour and
loaded to capacity when the brake is applied,
o on a level surface free from loose materials and consisting of dry paving of
asphalt or concrete, and
o within 16 metres from the point at which the brake is applied
• The brakes on a vehicle that tows a trailer are adequate if they are capable of
controlling the safe movement of the towing unit
• The emergency brake or parking brake system of a motor vehicle or combination
of vehicles must hold the motor vehicle or combination at a stop if they are
loaded to capacity and facing up or down a 20 per cent grade
Trailer Breakaway Device
• A breakaway device is not specifically required in all legislation. The owner
must maintain the vehicle combination in a safe operating condition.
• A person shall not drive or operate a vehicle that is towing a trailer unless the
trailer is attached to the towing unit by two separate means of attachment
designed so that the failure of one attachment does not permit the trailer to
separate from the towing unit
• Each means of attachment must have sufficient strength to pull all the weight
towed by the towing unit
• The secondary means of attachment must be capable of
o towing the trailer so that the trailer substantially follows in the track of the
towing vehicle, and
o preventing the drawbar of the trailer or the primary means of attachment from
touching the road surface
• The lead trailer in a combination is the towing unit for the second trailer
• A fifth wheel trailer does not require a second means of attachment
EXAMPLES
In these scenarios the trailer may or may not be required to have brakes but the brakes
for the vehicle combination are still required to adequately stop the combination (see
types of brakes required section, pg. 8).
Trailer Exceeds 910 kg and Weighs More Than 50% of the Towing Vehicle Weight
BRAKES ARE REQUIRED ON TRAILER
Trailer Does Not Exceed 910 kg and Weighs Less Than 50% of Towing Vehicle Weight
and Consists of a Single Axle
BRAKES ARE NOT REQUIRED ON TRAILER
Trailer weighs more than 910 kg and is Less Than 50% of Towing Vehicle Weight
TOWING NUMEROUS TRAILERS
• Two trailers can only be towed if the lead trailer is a fifth wheel trailer with at least
two axles in tandem.
• The length from the front of the towing vehicle to the rear of the last trailer can
not exceed 20 metres
• The hitch fastening the second trailer to the first trailer must be fastened to the
frame of the first trailer
• The longer trailer must be the first trailer
Trailers: Federal Lighting Equipment Location Requirements
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IMPORTANT NOTE: Every lamp, reflex reflector, and conspicuity treatment must be permanently attached in the location specified below and must comply with all applicable requirements prescribed for it by FMVSS/CMVSS 108. The face of any device on the front/rear and sides should be, respectively perpendicular and parallel to the vehicles centerline unless it is photometrically certified at installation angle. No part of the vehicle shall prevent any device from meeting its prescribed requirements unless an auxiliary device meeting all prescribed requirements is installed.
IN CANADA: Manufacturers and importers of vehicles must have the proper certification test records demonstrating compliance of lighting components with all prescribed requirements.
BASIC EQUIPMENT REQUIRED ON ALL TRAILERS
| DESCRIPTION | MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS | ||||||
| Area | Equipment | SAE Lens Coding | Functional Purpose | Quantity | Colour | Location | Height mm (in.) from ground |
 | Tail Lamps | (T) | Indicate vehicle's presence and width | Minimum 2 | Red | On the rear - symmetrical as far apart as practicable | 380-1830 (15-72) |
| Stop Lamps | (S) | Indicate braking | Minimum 2 | Red | On the rear - symmetrical as far apart as practicable | 380-1830 (15-72) | |
| Rear Turn Signal Lamps | (I) | Indicate direction of turn | Minimum 2 | Red or Yellow | On the rear - symmetrical as far apart as practicable | 380-2110 (15-83) | |
| Rear Reflex Reflectors | (A) | Indicate vehicle's presence and width | Minimum 2 | Red | On the rear - symmetrical as far apart as practicable facing rearward | 380-1530 (15-60) | |
 | License Plate Lamp(s) | (L) | Illuminates license plate | Minimum 1 | White | On the rear - above or at the sides of license plate | No requirement |
 | Rear Side Marker Lamps | (P2, PC* OR P3, PC2*) *photometrically certified at installation angle | Indicate vehicle's presence and length | Minimum 2 | Red | Each side at rear as far back as practicable | 380-1530 (15-60) no max. for veh. under 2032mm (80"") wide |
| Rear Side Reflex Reflectors | (A) | Indicate vehicle's presence and length | Minimum 2 | Red | Each side at rear as far back as practicable facing sideward | 380-1530 (15-60) | |
 |  Front Side Marker Lamps | (P2, PC* OR P3, PC2*) *photometrically certified at installation angle | Indicate vehicle's presence and length | Minimum 2 | Yellow | Each side at front as far forward as practicable | 380 (15) minimum |
 Front Side Reflex Reflectors | (A) | Indicate vehicle's presence and length | Minimum 2 | Yellow | Each side at front as far forward as practicable facing sideward | 380-1530 (15 | |
